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The safety and efficacy of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in hospitalized patients are unclear. To evaluate outcomes of inpatient SGLT2 inhibitor use. MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, and Cochrane databases were searched through 29 May 2024. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational cohort studies with assessment of SGLT2 inhibitor use in patients hospitalized for any reason were included. Study characteristics and clinical outcomes were extracted. We performed a random-effects meta-analysis analyzing RCTs and cohort studies separately. Heterogeneity was quantified with the I2 statistic. Twenty-three RCTs comprising 19,846 participants (29.5% with type 2 diabetes) with comparison of SGLT2 inhibitors with placebo or active comparator were included. Ketoacidosis rates were 0.210 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.119, 0.370) for SGLT2 inhibitors and 0.140 per 100 person-years (95% CI 0.070, 0.280) for control (rate ratio 1.50 [95 CI 0.56, 4.23], P = 0.38). SGLT2 inhibitor use was associated with fewer readmissions and urgent visits (odds ratio [OR] 0.64 [95 CI 0.47, 0.86], P < 0.01) and lower mortality rates (OR 0.74 [95% CI 0.56, 0.98], P = 0.03) in heart failure trials and lower incidence of acute kidney injury (OR 0.76 [95% CI 0.60, 0.97], P = 0.03) among all RCTs. Twenty observational studies were included and did not show increased adverse events. Ketoacidosis rates were low, likely leading to lack of power to detect significant differences. SGLT2 inhibitor use among hospitalized patients was associated with numerically higher rates of ketoacidosis, although further studies are required. |
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