Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/32611
Title: Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis: From Pathophysiology to Management.
Austin Authors: Warren, Annabelle M;Grossmann, Mathis ;Christ-Crain, Mirjam;Russell, Nicholas 
Affiliation: Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.;Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Endocrinology
Issue Date: 15-Sep-2023
Date: 2023
Publication information: Endocrine Reviews 2023-09-15; 44(5)
Abstract: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder, affecting more than 15% of patients in hospital. The syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuresis (SIAD) is the most frequent cause of hypotonic hyponatremia, mediated by non-osmotic release of arginine vasopressin (AVP, previously known as anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)) which acts on the renal V2 receptors to promote water retention. There are a variety of underlying causes of SIAD, including malignancy, pulmonary pathology and central nervous system pathology. In clinical practice, the etiology of hyponatremia is frequently multifactorial and the management approach may need to evolve during treatment of a single episode. It is therefore important to regularly reassess clinical status and biochemistry, whilst remaining alert to potential underlying etiological factors that may become more apparent during the course of treatment. In the absence of severe symptoms requiring urgent intervention, fluid restriction is widely endorsed as first line treatment for SIAD in current guidelines, but there is significant controversy regarding second line therapy in instances where fluid restriction is unsuccessful, which occurs in around half of cases. We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology and differential diagnosis of SIAD, and summarise recent evidence for therapeutic options beyond fluid restriction, with a focus on tolvaptan, urea and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i).
URI: https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/32611
DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad010
ORCID: 0000-0002-7287-6162
Journal: Endocrine Reviews
PubMed URL: 36974717
ISSN: 1945-7189
Type: Journal Article
Subjects: Fluid restriction
Hyponatremia
Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i, empagliflozin)
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD)
Tolvaptan
Urea
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