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Title: | Considerations for using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test to assess cognitive flexibility. | Austin Authors: | Miles, Stephanie;Howlett, Caitlin A;Berryman, Carolyn;Nedeljkovic, Maja;Moseley, G Lorimer;Phillipou, Andrea | Affiliation: | Department of Mental Health, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia Brain Stimulation, Imaging and Cognition Research Group, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia Innovation, Implementation & Clinical Translation (IIMPACT) in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Mental Health Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia |
Issue Date: | Oct-2021 | Date: | 2021-03-22 | Publication information: | Behavior Research Methods 2021; 53(5): 2083-2091 | Abstract: | The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is a popular neurocognitive task used to assess cognitive flexibility, and aspects of executive functioning more broadly, in research and clinical practice. Despite its widespread use and the development of an updated WCST manual in 1993, confusion remains in the literature about how to score the WCST, and importantly, how to interpret the outcome variables as indicators of cognitive flexibility. This critical review provides an overview of the changes in the WCST, how existing scoring methods of the task differ, the key terminology and how these relate to the assessment of cognitive flexibility, and issues with the use of the WCST across the literature. In particular, this review focuses on the confusion between the terms 'perseverative responses' and 'perseverative errors' and the inconsistent scoring of these variables. To our knowledge, this critical review is the first of its kind to focus on the inherent issues surrounding the WCST when used as an assessment of cognitive flexibility. We provide recommendations to overcome these and other issues when using the WCST in future research and clinical practice. | URI: | https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/26135 | DOI: | 10.3758/s13428-021-01551-3 | ORCID: | 0000-0001-8190-894X 0000-0002-4584-8641 0000-0002-5316-0847 0000-0003-0963-0335 0000-0002-3750-4945 0000-0003-1009-6619 |
Journal: | Behavior Research Methods | PubMed URL: | 33754321 | Type: | Journal Article | Subjects: | Cognitive flexibility Executive function Neurocognitive assessment Neurocognitive measures Set-shifting WCST |
Appears in Collections: | Journal articles |
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