Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/25928
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dc.contributor.authorShepherd, Rebecca-
dc.contributor.authorCheung, Ada S-
dc.contributor.authorPang, Ken-
dc.contributor.authorSaffery, Richard-
dc.contributor.authorNovakovic, Boris-
dc.date2020-
dc.date.accessioned2021-02-22T23:52:04Z-
dc.date.available2021-02-22T23:52:04Z-
dc.date.issued2021-01-21-
dc.identifier.citationFrontiers in Immunology 2020; 11: 604000en_US
dc.identifier.urihttps://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/25928-
dc.description.abstractSexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been well demonstrated, with females exhibiting lower infection rates than males for a variety of bacterial, viral, and parasitic pathogens. There is also a substantially increased incidence of autoimmune disease in females compared to males. Together, these trends indicate that females have a heightened immune reactogenicity to both self and non-self-molecular patterns. However, the molecular mechanisms driving the sexually dimorphic immune response are not fully understood. The female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone, as well as the male androgens, such as testosterone, elicit direct effects on the function and inflammatory capacity of immune cells. Several studies have identified a sex-specific transcriptome and methylome, independent of the well-described phenomenon of X-chromosome inactivation, suggesting that sexual dimorphism also occurs at the epigenetic level. Moreover, distinct alterations to the transcriptome and epigenetic landscape occur in synchrony with periods of hormonal change, such as puberty, pregnancy, menopause, and exogenous hormone therapy. These changes are also mirrored by changes in immune cell function. This review will outline the evidence for sex hormones and pregnancy-associated hormones as drivers of epigenetic change, and how this may contribute to the sexual dimorphism. Determining the effects of sex hormones on innate immune function is important for understanding sexually dimorphic autoimmune diseases, sex-specific responses to pathogens and vaccines, and how innate immunity is altered during periods of hormonal change (endogenous or exogenous).en_US
dc.language.isoeng
dc.subjectcross-sex hormone treatmenten_US
dc.subjectepigeneticsen_US
dc.subjectinnate immunityen_US
dc.subjectpregnancy hormonesen_US
dc.subjectprogesterone and estradiolen_US
dc.subjectsexual dimorphismen_US
dc.titleSexual Dimorphism in Innate Immunity: The Role of Sex Hormones and Epigenetics.en_US
dc.typeJournal Articleen_US
dc.identifier.journaltitleFrontiers in Immunologyen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationEndocrinologyen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationDepartment of Adolescent Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationMedicine (University of Melbourne)en_US
dc.identifier.affiliationEpigenetics Group, Infection and Immunity Theme, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationDepartment of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationBrain and Mitochondrial Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australiaen_US
dc.identifier.affiliationInflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australiaen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.3389/fimmu.2020.604000en_US
dc.type.contentTexten_US
dc.identifier.pubmedid33584674
local.name.researcherCheung, Ada S
item.openairecristypehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18cf-
item.cerifentitytypePublications-
item.fulltextNo Fulltext-
item.grantfulltextnone-
item.languageiso639-1en-
item.openairetypeJournal Article-
crisitem.author.deptEndocrinology-
crisitem.author.deptMedicine (University of Melbourne)-
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