Sleepiness and driving events in shift workers: the impact of circadian and homeostatic factors.

Abstract

We aimed to characterise objective and subjective sleepiness and driving events during short work commutes and examine the impact of circadian and homeostatic factors across different shift types in a shift worker population. Thirty-three nurses were monitored for 2 weeks over day (07:00-15:30), evening (13:00-21:30) and night shifts (21:00-07:30). Sleep was measured via daily sleep logs and wrist actigraphy. Driving logs were completed for each work commute, reporting driving events and a pre-drive Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Ocular data from a subset of participants (n=11) assessed objective sleepiness using infrared oculography during commutes. Circadian phase was assessed at 3 time-points via urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) collected over 24-48 hours. Subjective and objective sleepiness and sleep-related and hazardous driving events significantly increased following night shift compared to pre-shift. There were significant shift differences with KSS, sleep-related and inattention-related events highest during the post-night shift commute, compared to day and evening shifts. Sleep-related events were highest following the first night shift, whilst inattention-related events were most frequent after consecutive night shifts. KSS, sleep-related and hazardous events were increased during drives following ≥16h of wakefulness. KSS and sleep-related events increased during drives within ±3h of aMT6s acrophase. An interaction between homeostatic and circadian processes was observed, with KSS and sleep-related events highest within ±3h of acrophase, when wakefulness was ≥16h. In naturalistic conditions subjective and objective sleepiness and driving events are increased following night shifts, even during short (~30 minute) commutes and exacerbated by an interaction between circadian phase and duration of wakefulness.