Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/10954
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dc.contributor.authorSeeman, Egoen
dc.date.accessioned2015-05-16T00:31:56Z
dc.date.available2015-05-16T00:31:56Z
dc.date.issued2010-01-01en
dc.identifier.citationClinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : Cjasn; 5 Suppl 1(): S3-11en
dc.identifier.govdoc20089500en
dc.identifier.otherPUBMEDen
dc.identifier.urihttps://ahro.austin.org.au/austinjspui/handle/1/10954en
dc.description.abstractCredible evidence that calcium supplements reduce the risk of vertebral, nonvertebral, or hip fractures is lacking. Flaws in study design and execution such as inclusion of calcium-replete individuals, high dropout rates, and poor compliance preclude testing the hypothesis that calcium deficiency increases fracture rates or that calcium supplements reduce them. Intent-to-treat analyses of individual trials have failed to detect antifracture efficacy. Post hoc analyses of subgroups with a low calcium intake and per-protocol analyses of compliers have reported fewer fractures in the supplemented groups. However, this may be the result of confounding by violation of randomization; compliers to placebo have a lower morbidity and mortality than noncompliers. Higher hip fracture rates and cardiac mortality in patients receiving calcium supplements, as reported in some studies, may also be due to factors other than supplementation. Hypothesis testing requires that a cohort be stratified into calcium-deficient and calcium-replete groups, with each person randomized to a supplement or placebo. This design quantifies the risk of fracture attributable to calcium deficiency and any benefit that supplementation confers in the calcium-deficient and calcium-replete groups. To regard a calcium-deficient arm as unethical begs the question. Consensus statements that support the widespread use of calcium are opinion-based; they accept claims of beneficial effects despite flaws in study design, execution, and analysis; and they reject reported adverse effects because of them. Until well designed, well executed, and well analyzed studies demonstrate a net benefit in morbidity, mortality, and cost, recommendations supporting the widespread use of calcium supplementation remain belief-based and not evidence-based.en
dc.language.isoenen
dc.subject.otherBone Density.drug effectsen
dc.subject.otherBone Remodeling.drug effectsen
dc.subject.otherCalcium.adverse effects.deficiency.therapeutic useen
dc.subject.otherCalcium, Dietary.metabolismen
dc.subject.otherClinical Trials as Topicen
dc.subject.otherDietary Supplements.adverse effectsen
dc.subject.otherEvidence-Based Medicineen
dc.subject.otherFractures, Bone.etiology.metabolism.physiopathology.prevention & controlen
dc.subject.otherHumansen
dc.subject.otherNutrition Policyen
dc.subject.otherPatient Complianceen
dc.subject.otherResearch Designen
dc.subject.otherRisk Assessmenten
dc.subject.otherTime Factorsen
dc.subject.otherTreatment Outcomeen
dc.titleEvidence that calcium supplements reduce fracture risk is lacking.en
dc.typeJournal Articleen
dc.identifier.journaltitleClinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASNen
dc.identifier.affiliationDepartment of Endocrinology, Centaur Building, Repatriation Campus, Austin Health, Heidelberg 3081, Melbourne, Australiaen
dc.identifier.doi10.2215/CJN.06160809en
dc.description.pagesS3-11en
dc.relation.urlhttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20089500en
dc.type.austinJournal Articleen
local.name.researcherSeeman, Ego
item.languageiso639-1en-
item.cerifentitytypePublications-
item.openairecristypehttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_18cf-
item.grantfulltextnone-
item.openairetypeJournal Article-
item.fulltextNo Fulltext-
crisitem.author.deptEndocrinology-
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